| PB 101 | Perspectives on Botany | UNITS: 1 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Orientation to modern botany, including discussions of historical background, relation to other sciences, the nature of modern subdisciplines, professionalism and ethics, local resources of personnel and facilities, educational opportunities, and career possibilities. |
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| PB 102 | Introduction to Research | UNITS: 1 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 101 |
| Overview of research resources available to students. Methods of access to current information in chosen area of specialty. Interact with several faculty about research opportunities, develop a research proposal. |
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| PB 200 | Plant Life | UNITS: 4 - Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| An introduction to the structure, processes, and reproduction of higher plants, including the diversity of the plant kingdom and principles of inheritance, ecology, and evolution. Credit cannot be given for both BO 200 and BO 250. |
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| PB 213 | Plants and Civilization | UNITS: 3 |
| Prerequisite: BIO 125, BIO 105 or PB 200 |
| Economic social, political, religious, and medical roles of plants and plant products in human civilization. Foods, beverages, drugs, fibers, oils, latexes, religious symbols and elements. |
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| PB 215 | Medicinal Plants | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: CH 101 and any one of the following courses: BIO 125,BIO 181,PB 200,ZO 150,ZO 160 |
| Plants and their derived pharmaceuticals in Western medicine and in herbal medicine. |
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| PB 220 | Local Flora | UNITS: 3 |
| Prerequisite: BIO 125 or PB 200 |
| Structural terminology of vascular plants, field identification of plant species using popularized field guides, description of plant community types and their soil and topographic features. |
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| PB 222 | Kingdom of Fungi | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: BIO 125 or BIO 105 or PB 200 |
| Survey of fungal kingdom. Economical, historical and practical aspects of fungi and their impact on humankind. Mushrooms, molds, mycorrhizae, maladies, and mutualisms. Term paper of students' choice. |
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| PB 250 | Plant Biology | UNITS: 4 - Offered in Fall Only |
| An introduction for Life Science majors to the ecology, structure, function, processes, reproduction and evolution of higher plants. BIO 181 and BIO 183 or BIO 125 ; Students may not receive credit for both BO 200 and BO 250. |
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| PB 277 | Space Biology | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: BIO 105 or BIO 140 or BIO 181 or BIO 183 or PB 200 |
| Overview of the biology of plants, animals and humans in the space environment, including gravitational biology, aerospace medicine, search for extraterrestrial life, terraforming and life support. |
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| PB 295 | Special Topics in Botany | UNITS: 1-4 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Trial offerings of new or experimental courses in Botany at the early undergraduate level. |
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| PB 321 | Introduction to Whole Plant Physiology | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: BIO 183 or PB 200 or PB 250; CH 101/102 and CH 220 or CH 221 |
| Physiology of higher plants with emphasis on whole plant aspects including structure-function relationships, water and solute movement, energy sources and needs, plant growth and development, and the impact of plant physiology findings on agriculture. Students cannot receive credit for both PB 321 and PB 421. |
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| PB (BIO) 330 | Evolutionary Biology | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: BIO 181, BIO 183 |
| Principles and patterns of organic evolution. Topics will include the origin of life, patterns of genetic variation, adaptations, natural selection, and the formation of species, the relationship between micro and macroevolution, and the importance of evolution to humans and medicine. |
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| PB (BIO) 360 | Ecology | UNITS: 4 - Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: BIO 181 |
| The science of ecology, including factors which control distribution and population dynamics of organisms, structure and function of biological communities, and energy flow and nutrient cycling in ecosystems; contrasts among the major biomes; and principles governing ecological responses to global climatic and other environmental changes. |
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| PB 400 | Plant Structure and Diversity | UNITS: 4 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: BIO 181 or PB 200 or PB 250 |
| Survey of the structure and diversity of plants. Emphasis on anatomy, including cells, tissue systems, and organs, morphology, evolutionary trends, adaptive strategies, and bases for assumed phylogenetic relationships of fossil as well as living forms. Two one-day weekend field trips. |
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| PB 403 | Systematic Botany | UNITS: 4 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 200, PB 250, BIO 183, Junior standing |
| The course introduces basic and contemporary systematic principles and methods as applied to vascular plants, with emphasis on flowering plants. It covers classification, identification, phylogenetics, and molecular approaches, and surveys important and common plant families representing major groups of vascular plants. |
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| PB 405 | Wetland Flora | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 200 or PB 250 or PB 403 or FOR 212 |
| Plant morphological terminology and identifications of wetland plants; discussion of wetland flora, plant communities, functions and values of North Carolina wetland types; several one-day weekend field trips required. |
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| PB 413 | Introductory Plant Anatomy | UNITS: 4 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 200 |
| Organelles, cells, tissue systems, and organs of flowering plants and selected gymnosperms. Microscope use on fresh, cryostat, and prepared plant sections. Histochemistry of plant cells and tissues. |
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| PB (BIO) 414 | Cell Biology | UNITS: 3 |
| Prerequisite: (BIO 183 or ZO 160) and CH 221 |
| The chemical and physical bases of cellular structure and function with emphasis on methods and interpretations. |
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| PB 421 | Plant Physiology | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: BIO 183 or ZO 160, or PB 200 and CH 220 or CH 221 |
| Physiology of higher plants with emphasis on biochemical, cell biological and molecular aspects of how plants function. Unique aspects of regulation of plant metabolism including photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, cell wall biosynthesis, growth and stress responses will be emphasized. The course is intended for students interested in postgraduate studies in plant biology. Students cannot receive credit for both PB 321 and PB 421. |
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| PB 422 | Plant Physiology Laboratory | UNITS: 1 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 421 |
| Laboratory to accompany BO 421. Exercises are designed to study plant processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, tropisms, and secondary metabolite accumulation. Basic laboratory procedures in separation and analytical techniques including electrophoresis, chromatography and spectroscopy and at least one library research project will be included. The course is intended for students interested in postgraduate studies in plant biology and in technical positions in plant biology research laboratories. |
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| PB 445 | Paleobotany | UNITS: 4 |
| Prerequisite: BIO 181 or MEA 102 |
| Morphologic, taxonomic, geologic and evolutionary relationships of fossil plants; emphasis on vascular plants; discussions of taphonomy, biogeography and palynology. Requires weekend field trips at student expense. Credit will not be allowed for both BO 445 and BO 545. |
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| PB 480 | Introduction to Plant Biotechnology | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Fall and Spring |
| Prerequisite: CH 221; PB 421 or GN 411 or BCH 451 |
| Introduction to molecular techniques in the plant sciences, gene identification and isolation, plant tissue culture and transformation, and methods for working with single and multiple locus traits. Discussions of the role and potential of plant genetic engineering to solve problems facing agriculture. |
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| PB (BIT) 481 | Plant Tissue Culture and Transformation | UNITS: 2 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: BIT 360 or MB 409 or BCH 454 or ZO 480 |
| Basic techniques in plant tissue culture and transformation. Empirical approaches to techniques in plant tissue culture, designing transgenes for expression in specific plant cell organelles and tissues, use of reporter genes to optimize transformation, and troubleshooting transformation. Laboratory sessions provide hands-on experience with plant tissue culture and transformation. Use of reporter genes, fluorescence microscopy and digital imaging. Half semester course, first part. |
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| PB 492 | External Learning Experience | UNITS: 1-6 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall and Spring |
| Prerequisite: Sophomore standing |
| A learning experience in agriculture and life sciences within an academic framework that utilizes facilities and resources which are external to the campus. Contact and arrangements with prospective employers must be initiated by student and approved by a faculty adviser, the prospective employer, the departmental teaching coordinator and the academic dean prior to the experience. |
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| PB 493 | SP Problems in BO | UNITS: 1-6 - No Course Evaluation |
| A learning experience within an academic framework that utilizes campus facilities and resources. Contact and arrangements with prospective employers must be initiated by student and approved by a faculty adviser, the prospective employer, the departmental teaching coordinator and the academic dean prior to the experience. |
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| PB 495 | Special Topics in Botany | UNITS: 1-6 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: 8 hrs. of Botany courses |
| Individualized study, under faculty supervision, of botanical topics in the student's area of interest and not covered in existing courses. Development of a new course on a trial basis. |
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| PB (MB) (PP) 501 | Biology of Plant Pathogens | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: PP 315, or PP 318, or an introductory course in microbiology |
| Biology of microbes that cause plant diseases. The ecology, genetics, physiology, taxonomy, and mechanisms of parasitism, pathogenicity and virulence of bacteria (and other prokaryotes), fungi (and oomycetes), nematodes, and viruses that cause plant diseases. Prepares graduate students for advanced courses in plant pathology, host-parasite interactions, and provides a knowledge base for students in other disciplines involved with plant pathogens or who seek to broaden their knowledge of microbes. |
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| PB 503 | Systematic Botany | UNITS: 4 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 200, PB 250, BIO 183, Junior standing |
| The course introduces basic and contemporary systematic principles and methods as applied to vascular plants, with emphasis on flowering plants. It covers classification, identification, phylogenetics, and molecular approaches, and surveys important and common plant families representing major groups of vascular plants. |
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| PB 544 | Plant Geography | UNITS: 3 - Offered Alternate Even Years, Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 403, PB (ZO) 360, GN 411 |
| Descriptive and interpretive plant geography, synthesizing data from fields of ecology, genetics, geography, paleobotany and taxonomy. Survey of present distribution of major vegetation types throughout world, a discussion of history and developmentof present pattern of vegetation, and discussion of principles and theories of plant geography. |
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| PB 545 | Paleobotany | UNITS: 4 - Offered Alternate Odd Years, Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 400, 403, 413, 544, MEA 423 |
| Morphologic, taxonomic, geologic and evolutionary relationships of fossil plants; emphasis on vascular plants; discussions of taphonomy, biogeography and palynology. Required field trips. |
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| PB 565 | Plant Community Ecology | UNITS: 4 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 360 or ZO 260 |
| Consideration of structure and function of terrestrial vascular plant communities, with emphasis on both classical and recent research. Measurement and description of community properties, classification, ordination, vegetation pattern in relation to environment, ecological succession and a survey of vegetation of North America. |
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| PB (MB) (PP) 575 | Introduction to Mycology | UNITS: 4 - Offered Alternate Even Years, Offered in Fall Only |
| A survey of the fungal kingdom in context of phyla and classes. Systematics, ecology, biology and utilization. Illustrative material, cultural techniques in laboratories. Collection and paper required. |
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| PB 595 | Special Topics Botany | UNITS: 1-4 |
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| PB 601 | Botany Seminar | UNITS: 1 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall and Spring |
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| PB 620 | Special Problems In Botany | UNITS: 1-4 - No Course Evaluation |
| Directed research in some phase of botany other than a thesis problem, but designed to provide experience and training in research. Credits Arranged. |
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| PB 624 | Topical Problems | UNITS: 1-4 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall and Spring |
| Discussions and readings on problems of current interest in fields of ecology, anatomy and morphology, taxonomy, plant physiology and cell biology. May be repeated with a change in topic for a maximum of six credits. |
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| PB 685 | Master's Supervised Teaching | UNITS: 1-3 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Master's student |
| Teaching experience under the mentorship of faculty who assist the student in planning for the teaching assignment, observe and provide feedback to the student during the teaching assignment, and evaluate the student upon completion of the assignment. |
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| PB 688 | Non-Thesis Masters Continuous Registration - Half Time Registration | UNITS: 1 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Master's Student |
| For students in non-thesis master's programs who have completed all credit hour requirements for their degree but need to maintain half-time continuous registration to complete incomplete grades, projects, final master's exam, etc. |
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| PB 689 | Non-Thesis Master Continuous Registration - Full Time Registration | UNITS: 3 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Master's Student |
| For students in non-thesis master's programs who have completed all credit hour requirements for their degree but need to maintain full-time continuous registration to complete incomplete grades, projects, final master's exam, etc. Students may register for this course a maximum of one semester. |
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| PB 690 | Master's Examination | UNITS: 1-6 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Master's Student |
| For students in non-thesis master's programs who have completed all other requirements of the degree except preparing for and taking the final master's exam. |
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| PB 693 | Master's Supervised Research | UNITS: 1-9 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Master's Student |
| Instruction in research and research under the mentorship of a member of the Graduate Faculty. |
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| PB 695 | Master's Thesis Research | UNITS: 1-9 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Master's Student |
| Thesis Research. |
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| PB 696 | Summer Thesis Research | UNITS: 1 |
| Prerequisite: Master's Student |
| For graduate students whose programs of work specify no formal course work during a summer session and who will be devoting full time to thesis research. |
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| PB 699 | Master's Thesis Preparation | UNITS: 1-3 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Master's Student |
| For students who have completed all credit hour requirements and full-time enrollment for the master's degree and are writing and defending their thesis. |
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| PB 704 | Plant Nomenclature | UNITS: 1 - Offered in Spring Only |
| A practical foundation in plant nomenclature and nomenclatural references. Emphasis on the evolution of international rules for naming plant taxa and their application in both wild and cultivated plants. Nomenclature applications used in patents, cultivar releases and journal articles. Taught mid-semester. Taught five weeks of semester. |
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| PB 710 | Plant Anatomy | UNITS: 4 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 200 |
| Study of plant cells, ultrastructure, cell types, tissues, organs and patterns of growth and differentiation. |
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| PB (CS) (HS) 718 | Biological Control of Weeds | UNITS: 1 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: CS 414 |
| Concepts and methods in use of biological agents for control of weeds. Primary emphasis on weed biocontrol with insects and plant pathogens. Taught third 5 weeks of semester. |
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| PB (GN) (MB) (PP) 730 | Fungal Genetics and Physiology | UNITS: 3 - Offered Alternate Years, Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: BCH 451, PB 575, GN 411 or PP 501 |
| Basic concepts of genetics and physiology of fungi, with emphasis on saprophytic and plant pathogenic mycelial fungi. Current literature on evolution, cell structure, growth and development, gene expression, metabolism, sexual and asexual reproduction and incompatibility systems. Laboratory exercises on mutant isolation, sexual and parasexual analysis, genetic transformation, and RFLP and isozyme analysis. |
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| PB 733 | Plant Growth and Development | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: PB(ZO) 414 or PB 421, organic chemistry |
| Advanced course in plant physiology covering plant growth, development, differentiation, senescence and biological control mechanisms. |
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| PB 751 | Advanced Plant Physiology I | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 421 |
| Cellular mechanisms and regulatory features related to plant respiration, photosynthesis, sulfur metabolism, nitrogen fixation and metabolism, and signal transduction. One of two courses covering field of plant physiology. |
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| PB 752 | Advanced Plant Physiology II | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 421 and biochemistry |
| Water and solute relations, influence of environmental cues and plant growth regulators on growth, development, reproduction and senescence, and aspects of stress physiology. One of two courses covering field of plant physiology. |
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| PB 754 | Laboratory in Advanced Plant Physiology II | UNITS: 1 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 752 |
| Laboratory to accompany BO 552 Advanced Plant Physiology II. |
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| PB (ZO) 760 | Principles Of Ecology | UNITS: 4 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: Three semesters of college-level biology courses |
| A consideration of principles of ecology at graduate level. Each of the major subject areas of ecology developed in sufficient depth to provide a factual and philosophical framework for the understanding of ecology. |
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| PB 761 | Physiological Ecology | UNITS: 4 - Offered Alternate Odd Years, Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 421 and PB (ZO) 760 |
| Plant community approached from a physiological standpoint. Emphasis upon individual in community and its response to its immediate environment on short- and long-term bases. |
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| PB 762 | Applied Coastal Ecology | UNITS: 3 - Offered Alternate Years, Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: PB(ZO) 360 or PB(ZO) 760 |
| Environmental factors, vegetative communities and man's influence on ecology of Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Emphasis on coastal fringe (Outer Banks) and the problems involved in Coastal Zone Management. Course field- and problem-oriented and designed primarily for graduate students in environmentally oriented programs. Two field trips mandatory. |
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| PB (ZO) 770 | Advanced Topics In Ecology I | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: BO(ZO)760 |
| Development of subject matter in major fields of ecology through seminars and lectures and principles illustrated by laboratory exercises and field trips. Microenvironment, population biology, community ecology, ecosystems and nutrient cycling. |
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| PB (MB) 774 | Phycology | UNITS: 3 - Offered Alternate Odd Years, Offered in Spring Only |
| Prerequisite: BIO 125 or PB 200 |
| Introduction to taxonomy, morphology, reproduction and ecological importance of organisms which may be included in the algae. Attention to local freshwater flow and physiology of selected species in relation to algal blooms, water quality and nutrient loading in aquatic habitats. |
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| PB 775 | The Fungi | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 200 |
| Overview of the fungi within framework of a survey of major classes. |
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| PB 776 | The Fungi - Lab | UNITS: 1 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: PB 775 |
| Illustrative material of fungal assemblages discussed in BO 775. |
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| PB 780 | Plant Molecular Biology | UNITS: 3 - Offered in Fall Only |
| Prerequisite: BCH 451, GN 411 |
| Molecular analysis of plant growth and development. Molecular techniques and their application to understanding control of gene expression in plants. |
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| PB 795 | Special Topics Botany | UNITS: 1-4 - Offered in Fall and Spring |
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| PB 801 | Seminar | UNITS: 1 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall and Spring |
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| PB 820 | Special Problems | UNITS: 1-4 - No Course Evaluation |
| Directed research in some phase of botany other than a thesis problem, but designed to provide experience and training in research. Credits Arranged. |
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| PB 824 | Topical Problems | UNITS: 1-4 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall and Spring |
| Discussions and readings on problems of current interest in fields of ecology, anatomy and morphology, taxonomy, plant physiology and cell biology. May be repeated with a change in topic for a maximum of six credits. |
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| PB 885 | Doctoral Supervised Teaching | UNITS: 1-3 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Doctoral Student |
| Teaching experience under the mentorship of faculty who assist the student in planning for the teaching assignment, observe and provide feedback to the student during the teaching assignment, and evaluate the student upon completion of the assignment. |
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| PB 890 | Doctoral Preliminary Examination | UNITS: 1-9 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Doctoral Student |
| For students who are preparing for and taking written and/or oral preliminary exams. |
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| PB 893 | Doctoral Supervised Research | UNITS: 1-9 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Doctoral student |
| Instruction in research and research under the mentorship of a member of the Graduate Faculty. |
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| PB 895 | Doctoral Dissertation Research | UNITS: 1-9 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Doctoral student |
| Dissertation Research |
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| PB 896 | Summer Dissertation Research | UNITS: 1 - Offered in Summer |
| Prerequisite: Doctoral Student |
| For graduate students whose programs of work specify no formal course work during a summer session and who will be devoting full time to thesis research. |
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| PB 899 | Doctoral Dissertation Preparation | UNITS: 1-3 - No Course Evaluation, Offered in Fall Spring Summer |
| Prerequisite: Doctoral Student |
| For students who have completed all credit hours, full-time enrollment, preliminary examination, and residency requirements for the doctoral degree, and are writing and defending their dissertations. |
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